Repository
Cyrene Museum, inv. number unknown.
Support
White marble stele with cornice on top, slighlty tapering and severely chipped off on all sides (0.35-0.39; 1.2;0.225).
Layout
Inscribed on three sides (a = main side, on two columns; b = right side; c = left side); back re-used for epitaphs (IRCyr M.268 = SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Leiden, then Amsterdam, 1923-1971, then 1979- - see in bibliography , 9.349). On side a, the lines of both columns shift slightly from l. 31 onward.
Letters
0.015; alpha mostly with dropped bar; the list was clearly made by different hands, which are too difficult to describe one by one, given the bad state of preservation.
Place of Origin
Findspot.
Date
End of the second century or beginning of the first century B.C. (lettering)
Findspot
Found by E. Ghislanzoni in 1918 at El Gubba pleiades; HGL (ancient Kelida), on the hill.
Last recorded Location
Seen by C. Dobias-Lalou in 1997 in Shahat : Cyrene Museum (outside).
Text constituted from
Transcription from stone (CDL).
Oliverio, 1933-1936 Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography , pp. 121-5, n. 132-133, fig. 92-94, whence SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Leiden, then Amsterdam, 1923-1971, then 1979- - see in bibliography , 9.348. Cf. Masson, 1976 Masson, O., 1976, Grecs et Libyens en Cyrénaïque, d'après les témoignages de l'épigraphie, Antiquités Africaines10, 49-62 - see in bibliography , pp. 58-59 Laronde, 1987 Laronde, A., 1987, Cyrène et la Libye hellénistique. Libykai historiai de l’époque républicaine au principat d’Auguste, Paris - see in bibliography , pp. 338-340, Dobias-Lalou, 1987 Dobias-Lalou, C., 1987, Noyau grec et éléments indigènes dans le dialecte cyrénéen, in Cirene e i Libyi: Atti del Simposio Internazionale, Roma-Urbino, 13-16 aprile 1981, Quaderni di Archeologia della Libya (QAL)12, 85-91 - see in bibliography , pp. 88, 91, and Marengo, 1988 Marengo, S.M., 1988, Schede di onomastica cirenaica, Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Università di Macerata (AFLM)21, 223-231 - see in bibliography , p. 229, whence SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Leiden, then Amsterdam, 1923-1971, then 1979- - see in bibliography , 38.1886.
7 ι̣[.] κο[ς] : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[---] ι̣ο̣κ̣ο[ς] : SEG
Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Leiden, then Amsterdam, 1923-1971, then 1979- - see in bibliography
,
- see in bibliography
[---] ι̣σ̣κ̣ο[ς]
10 Πολυάνορ
'/(Πολυάνορος)'
ancient correction from: ος
τῶ : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
Πολυανοράτω
20 [Π]ολιάνθευς : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[Π]ολυάνθευς
22 [Τ]ειμά[ρχ]ω : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[Δ]είμ̣α̣ν̣τ̣ος̣
24
Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
Ἀ̣μμ̣ωνί̣ω (p. 32, J.M. Reynolds' reading) : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
(vac.)Μολωνίω
25
[c. 2 - 3]λ̣ων : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
Λάων
29
[------] : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[---] ν̣ι̣π̣π̣[ος]
43 [Ἴ]ταγος : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[Ἄσ]ταγος
51
Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
[Χ]αρτάδας (p. 485, J.M. Reynolds' reading) : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
Κ̣αρτάδας
56
Masson, 1976
Masson, O., 1976, Grecs et Libyens en Cyrénaïque, d'après les témoignages de l'épigraphie, Antiquités Africaines10, 49-62 - see in bibliography
[Ι]θαννυρα : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
Θαννύρα : Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
[Ιτ]θαννυρα (p. 240, J.M. Reynolds' reading)
57 [Λύ]κος : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[Ἁνίο?]χος
73
Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
Μιτταχις (p. 315, J.M. Reynolds' reading) : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
Μίτταχος
81
Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
Ἰάσων (p. 230, J.M. Reynolds' reading) : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
Δ̣αμ̣οκλ[ῆς?]
92
Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
Ἀριστία (p. 64, J.M. Reynolds' reading) : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
Ἀρίστιο̣[ς]
95
Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
Κυλλία[ς] : Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
Κυλα̣ίδ̣η[ς] (p. 278, J.M. Reynolds' reading)
96
Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
Ἀριστοτ[έλευς] (p. 75, J.M. Reynolds' reading) : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
Ἀριστο[---]
115 [Ν]ε̣ίκας : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[Σ]ίκας : Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
[Ν]ε̣ικᾶς (p. 330, J.M. Reynolds' reading)
123
Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
Ἴ̣ασ̣ις (p. 229, J.M. Reynolds' reading) : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[Ν]ῖκις
140 [Ιθανν]υρας : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[Θανν]ύρας : Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
[Ιτθανν]υρας (p. 240, J.M. Reynolds' reading)
141
Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[Καλαν]ὲρ Σωσιγένευς : Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
[---] Ἑ̣ρμο̣γένευς (p. 165, J.M. Reynolds' reading)
150
Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[Κ]αλανερος
151
Marengo, 1988
Marengo, S.M., 1988, Schede di onomastica cirenaica, Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Università di Macerata (AFLM)21, 223-231 - see in bibliography
Μειραχαν : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
Μ̣ειρακάν
163
Fraser-Matthews, 1987
Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography
[Δ]ρ̣ύτων (p. 144, J.M. Reynolds' reading) : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
[Κ]ρ̣ύτων
167-168 [Κρ]εσίλα : Oliverio, 1933-1936
Oliverio, G., 1933-1936, Documenti antichi dell'Africa Italiana, II, fasc. 1-2, Bergamo - see in bibliography
Χ̣[αι|ρ?]εσίλα
Face a, colonne I
[---] [---] kos fils de [---] arkhos,(10) [---] inos fils de Polyanor, Polymnis fils d'Aristarchos, Olympis fils de Theudoros, Bôlaklès fils d'Antimèdès, Hermogénès fils d'Iasôn, (20) Aristarkhos fils de Polianthès, Aiglanôr fils de Teimarkhos, Arkhédamas fils d'Ammônios, [c. 2 - 3]lôn fils d'Aristippos, [---] lôn fils de [---] , [---] (30) fils de [---] dros, Melanippos fils de Polyaratos, Hagis fils d'Aratos, Haniokhos fils de Polymnastos, Philotaseis fils de Theukhrestos, Iasôn (40) fils de Theukhrestos, Paraibatas fils de Hippomakhos, Itagos fils d'Aristippos, Neikippos fils d'Exainétos, Teimarkhos fils d'Arkhedamos, Paraibatas (50) fils de Theudoros, Khartadas fils d'Iasôn, Epiklès fils d'Aristippos, Ariman fils d'Ithannuras, Lykos fils de [Theuκhr]estos.
Face a, colonne II
[---] (65) Hiaroklès fils de Kalli[---] , [---] fils de Sôsis, Hippis (70) fils d'Eukarpos, Kallippos fils de Kallippos, Mittakis fils d'Arkhedamos, Aristarkhos fils d'Igisan, Pratis fils de Polymnastos, Neikippos (80) fils d'Iasôn, Iasôn fils d'Archedamos, Pakhôn fils de Damatrios, [---] oin[---] fils de [---] , Hermogénès fils de Teimarkhos, Paraibatas (90) fils de Polyklès, Lykos fils d'Aristias, Peisiôn fils de Mélanippos, Kylaidas fils d'Aristotélès, Euphranôr fils d'Iasôn, Theudôros (100) fils de Teimarkhos, Teimarkhos fils d'Aiglanôr, Theudôros fils d'Aristiôn, Theukhrestos fils de Paraibatas, Theudôros fils de Theudôros, Arista[---] (110) fils de Para[---] , Pa[---] fils d'Ias[---]
Face b
Mégaklès fils de Philôn, Neikas fils d'Aiglanôr, Eukarpos fils de Paraibatas, Euphranôr fils de Kharianthès, Aristarkhos fils de Mélanippos, Iasis (120) fils de Kharianthès, Aristagoras fils de Philôn, Karnèdas fils de Kiraios, Karnèdas (130) fils de Philôn, Mélanippos fils d'Exainétos, Eudaimôn fils de Paraibatas, Epikartès fils de Peisiôn, Aristis fils d'Exainétos, Kallimakhos fils de Paraibatas, Anysan fils d'Aristarkhos, Teimônax fils d'Aristarkhos, Antimèdès fils de Bôlaklès, (140) Ithannyras fils d'Aristarkhos, [c. 4 - 5] fils d'Hermogénès, [c. 5 - 7] fils d'Iasôn, [Kall]ippos fils d'Iasôn, Aristis fils d'Iasôn, Thrasymakhos fils d'Euphranôr, Aristarkhos fils de Polymnis, Hagèsarkhos (150) fils d'Aiglanôr, Meirakhan fils de Teimarkhos, Lykos fils d'Iasôn, Theukhrestos fils de Paraibatas, Neikodromos fils de Theudôros, Aristippos fils d'Epiklès, Polianthès fils de Teimarkhos, Etéarkhos fils de Teimarkhos, (160) Kallippos fils de Bakal, Paraibatas fils de Paraibatas, [Phi?]lôn fils d'Euphranôr, Drytôn fils d'Apogonos, Drepanis fils d'Eubatas, Epigénès fils d'Arimmas, ( vac. )
Face c
〚[------] 〛 Theuphilos fils de Krésilas, (170) Polymnis fils d'Aiglanôr (vac.)
Side a, column I
[---] [---] kos son of [---] archos,(10) [---] inos son of Polyanor, Polymnis son of Aristarchos, Olympis son of Theudoros, Bolakles son of Antimedes, Hermogenes son of Iason, (20) Aristarchos son of Polianthes, Aiglanor son of Teimarchos, Archedamas son of Ammonios, [c. 2 - 3]lon son of Aristippos, [---] lon son of [------] , [------] (30) son of [---] dros, Melanippos son of Polyaratos, Hagis son of Aratos, Haniochos son of Polymnastos, Philotaseis son of Theuchrestos, Iason (40) son of Theuchrestos, Paraibatas son of Hippomachos, Itagos son of Aristippos, Neikippos son of Exainetos, Teimarchos son of Archedamos, Paraibatas (50) son of Theudoros, Chartadas son of Iason, Epikles son of Aristippos, Ariman son of Ithannuras, Lykos son of [Theuchr]estos.
Side a, column II
[---] (65) Hiarokles son of Kalli[---] , [---] son of Sosis, Hippis (70) son of Eukarpos, Kallippos son of Kallippos, Mittakis son of Archedamos, Aristarchos son of Igisan, Pratis son of Polymnastos, Neikippos (80) son of Iason, Iason son of Archedamos, Pachon son of Damatrios, [---] oin[---] son of [---] , Hermogenes son of Teimarchos, Paraibatas (90) son of Polykles, Lykos son of Aristias, Peision son of Melanippos, Kylaidas son of Aristoteles, Euphranor son of Iason, Theudoros (100) son of Teimarchos, Teimarchos son of Aiglanor, Theudoros son of Aristion, Theuchrestos son of Paraibatas, Theudoros son of Theudoros, Arista[---] (110) son of Para[---] , Pa[---] son of Ias[---]
Side b
Megakles son of Philon, Neikas son of Aiglanor, Eukarpos son of Paraibatas, Euphranor son of Charianthes, Aristarchos son of Melanippos, Iasis (120) son of Charianthes, Aristagoras son of Philon, Karnedas son of Kiraios, Karnedas (130) son of Philon, Melanippos son of Exainetos, Eudaimon son of Paraibatas, Epikartes son of Peision, Aristis son of Exainetos, Kallimachos son of Paraibatas, Anysan son of Aristarchos, Teimonax son of Aristarchos, Antimedes son of Bolakles, Ithannyras son of Aristarchos, [c. 4 - 5] son of Hermogenes, [c. 5 - 7] son of Iason, [Kall]ippos son of Iason, Aristis son of Iason, Thrasymachos son of Euphranor, Aristarchos son of Polymnis, Hagesarchos (150) son of Aiglanor, Meirachan son of Teimarchos, Lykos son of Iason, Theuchrestos son of Paraibatas, Neikodromos son of Theudoros, Aristippos son of Epikles, Polianthes son of Teimarchos, Etearchos son of Teimarchos, (160) Kallippos son of Bakal, Paraibatas son of Paraibatas, [Phi?]lon son of Euphranor, Dryton son of Apogonos, Drepanis son of Eubatas, Epigenes son of Arimmas, ( vac. )
Side c
〚[------] 〛 Theuphilos son of Kresilas, (170) Polymnis son of Aiglanor (vac.)
Lato a, colonna I
[---] [---] kos figlio di [---] archos, (10) [---] inos figlio di Polyanor, Polymnis figlio di Aristarchos, Olympis figlio di Theudoros, Bolakles figlio di Antimedes, Hermogenes figlio di Iason, (20) Aristarchos figlio di Polianthes, Aiglanor figlio di Teimarchos, Archedamas figlio di Ammonios, [c. 2 - 3]lon figlio di Aristippos, [---] lon figlio di [------] , [------] (30) figlio di [---] dros, Melanippos figlio di Polyaratos, Hagis figlio di Aratos, Haniochos figlio di Polymnastos, Philotaseis figlio di Theuchrestos, Iason (40) figlio di Theuchrestos, Paraibatas figlio di Hippomachos, Itagos figlio di Aristippos, Neikippos figlio di Exainetos, Teimarchos figlio di Archedamos, (50) Paraibatas figlio di Theudoros, Chartadas figlio di Iason, Epikles figlio di Aristippos, Ariman figlio di Ithannuras, Lykos figlio di [Theuchr]estos.
Lato a, colonna II
[---] (65) Hiarokles figlio di Kalli[---] , [---] figlio di Sosis, Hippis (70) figlio di Eukarpos, Kallippos figlio di Kallippos, Mittakis figlio di Archedamos, Aristarchos figlio di Igisan, Pratis figlio di Polymnastos, Neikippos (80) figlio di Iason, Iason figlio di Archedamos, Pachon figlio di Damatrios, [---] oin[---] figlio di [---] , Hermogenes figlio di Teimarchos, Paraibatas (90) figlio di Polykles, Lykos figlio di Aristias, Peision figlio di Melanippos, Kylaidas figlio di Aristoteles, Euphranor figlio di Iason, Theudoros (100) figlio di Teimarchos, Teimarchos figlio di Aiglanor, Theudoros figlio di Aristion, Theuchrestos figlio di Paraibatas, Theudoros figlio di Theudoros, Arista[---] (110) figlio di Para[---] , Pa[---] figlio di Ias[---]
Lato b
Megakles figlio di Philon, Neikas figlio di Aiglanor, Eukarpos figlio di Paraibatas, Euphranor figlio di Charianthes, Aristarchos figlio di Melanippos, Iasis (120) figlio di Charianthes, Aristagoras figlio di Philon, Karnedas figlio di Kiraios, Karnedas (130) figlio di Philon, Melanippos figlio di Exainetos, Eudaimon figlio di Paraibatas, Epikartes figlio di Peision, Aristis figlio di Exainetos, Kallimachos figlio di Paraibatas, Anysan figlio di Aristarchos, Teimonax figlio di Aristarchos, Antimedes figlio di Bolakles, Ithannyras figlio di Aristarchos, [c. 4 - 5] figlio di Hermogenes, [c. 5 - 7] figlio di Iason, [Kall]ippos figlio di Iason, Aristis figlio di Iason, Thrasymachos figlio di Euphranor, Aristarchos figlio di Polymnis, Hagesarchos (150) figlio di Aiglanor, Meirachan figlio di Teimarchos, Lykos figlio di Iason, Theuchrestos figlio di Paraibatas, Neikodromos figlio di Theudoros, Aristippos figlio di Epikles, Polianthes figlio di Teimarchos, Etearchos figlio di Teimarchos, (160) Kallippos figlio di Bakal, Paraibatas figlio di Paraibatas, [Phi?]lon figlio di Euphranor, Dryton figlio di Apogonos, Drepanis figlio di Eubatas, Epigenes figlio di Arimmas, ( vac. )
Lato c
〚[------] 〛 Theuphilos figlio di Kresilas, (170) Polymnis figlio di Aiglanor (vac.)
About the circumstances of the discovery, see Sillani, 2014 Sillani, C., 2014, Documenti inediti di E. Ghislanzoni sur territorio di Cirene (1913-1919), in M. Luni, La scoperta di Cirene. Un secolo di scavi 1913-2013, Cirene 'Atene d'Africa', 8, Monografie di archeologia libica37, Roma, 81-108 - see in bibliography , p. 91.
L. 10, the stone cutter intended to mention father's and grandfather's names, which were the same. As it seems, he cut the whole father's name and the article τῶ, but lacking space he wanted to use the abbreviation made of the symbol / (see also at line 161). However, he awkwardly cut it after having erased the last syllable of the father's name and left the article at the end of the mention. Oliverio took the oblique stroke marking the abbreviation as an alpha, whence a spurious name.
L. 43, for the name Ἴταγος, which does exist in Cyrenaica, see Dobias-Lalou, 2010 Dobias-Lalou, C., 2010, Sur quelques noms nouveaux de Cyrénaïque, in R.W.V. Catling, F. Marchand (eds.), Onomatologos: studies in Greek personal names presented to Elaine Matthews, Oxford, 92-101 - see in bibliography , pp.96-98.
L. 73, Μιτταχις, clear on the stone, might be a Libyan name. J.M. Reynolds in Fraser-Matthews, 1987 Fraser, P.M., Matthews, E. (eds.), 1987, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Oxford - see in bibliography , p. 315 rightly referred to other occurrences in the Cadastre of Marmarica.
L. 115: this name might be either Νείκας or Νεικᾶς but the latter spelling is not very usual in Cyrenaica.
The spellings Εὐφράνορ at l. 119 and [Κρ]εσίλα at l. 168 indicate the phonological condition of long vowels at the time.
Side c) was probably inscribed later than a) and b), having lunate sigma and epsilon.
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